最近很多人在问“人在云上走打一成语(人在云上走打一个成语)”，今天小编就人在云上走打一成语(人在云上走打一个成语)这个问题整理了一些资料，希望对您有帮助。
Reading A
A General Introduction to Chinese Mythology
Yang Lihui, An Deming
By Chinese mythology, we mean the body of myths historically recorded and currently transmitted within the present geographic boundaries of China. It should include not only myths transmitted by people of the Han ethnic group but also those by the other fifty-five ethnic groups living in this broad area. Since almost every ethnic group has its own mythical gods and stories about their creative actions, there is not a systematic, integrated, and homogeneous “Chinese mythology” held and transmitted by all the Chinese people. Even among Han people, there is not an integrated system of myths.
所谓中国神话，是指在中国目前的地理范围内，历史上记载和传播的神话本体。它不仅应包括汉族人民传播的神话，而且还应包括生活在这一广大地区的其他55个民族的神话。由于几乎每个民族都有自己的神话神和神话故事，所以没有一个系统的、完整的、同质的“中国神话”被全体中国人所持有和传播。即使在汉人当中，也没有一个完整的神话体系。
The earliest written records of ancient myths can be traced back to about 3,000 years ago, though other forms of designs and paintings on shells, bones, and bronzes probably relating to myth appeared earlier than this. Recently, researchers found a bronze vessel named “Suigongxu” (Suigong was a duke of the Sui State, now belonging to modern Shandong Province; “Xu” is an ancient bronze vessel that has a cover and two ears; it functions as a food container), which can date back to the 9th or 8th century BC, the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty. The inscription on the inside bottom of the vessel consists of 98 Chinese characters, praising the achievements of the mythic hero Yu. It tells the story that heaven ordered Yu to scatter earth, so Yu went around all the mountains, cutting down the trees in the forests and deepening the seas and rivers to drain all the water on earth into the sea. This inscription shows that the technique of recording myth in Chinese characters had become relatively mature nearly 3,000 years ago. Additionally, it illustrates that at least as late as the middle of the Western Zhou Dynasty, the myth about Yu controlling the flood had already been spread, and it had been historicized into a legend about a great hero or a great king in the upper class of society.
关于古代神话的最早书面记录可以追溯到大约3000年前，尽管贝壳、骨头和青铜器上可能与神话有关的其他形式的设计和绘画出现得比这还要早。最近，研究人员发现了一件名为“随公序”的青铜器(随公是隋国的一位公爵，现在属于现代山东省;“许”是一种有盖有耳的古铜器;它的功能可以追溯到公元前9世纪或8世纪，西周中期。船底内侧的铭文由98个汉字组成，歌颂了神话英雄禹的成就。它讲述了天命禹将土地分散，禹走遍了所有的山，砍伐森林中的树木，加深海洋和河流，把地球上所有的水排入大海。这一铭文表明，中国文字记载神话的技术在近3000年前已经相对成熟。此外，它还说明，至少在西周中期，禹治水的神话已经传播开来，并被历史化为一个关于上层社会的伟大英雄或伟大国王的传说。
But these inscriptions recorded myths very simply. Sometimes the mythological stories they illustrate are hard to understand. Therefore, Chinese scholars rely primarily on accounts of myths recorded in later ancient writings after the Western Zhou Dynasty to study these myths.
但这些铭文记录的神话非常简单。有时他们所描述的神话故事很难理解。因此，中国学者对神话的研究主要依赖于西周以后的古籍记载。
In China, there is no sacred canon recording myths, beliefs, or sacred history like the Bible or the Koran, nor were there any literati, troubadours, or shamans (sorcerer or sorceress) who collected myths from oral tradition and compiled them into a systematic and integrated mythology, like the Greek collections attributed to Homer and Hesiod. Rather, myths in ancient China were usually spread in scattered and fragmented forms in various written material. These sources contain information about archaeology, literature, philosophy, geography, history, witchcraft, ethnography, religion, folklore, and so on. Many of them preserve only a few myths, but some of them hold a comparatively large number of myths and thus become treasures of ancient Chinese myths. Among them, Shanhaijing (The Classic of Mountains and Seas), Chuci (The Songs of Chu) and Huainanzi are thought to be the major repositories of Chinese ancient myths.
在中国,没有神圣的佳能记录神话,信仰,或神圣的历史就像《圣经》或《可兰经》,也有文人,行吟诗人,或萨满(巫师或女巫)收集了口述传统的神话,编译成一个系统和集成的神话,就像希腊归因于荷马和赫西奥德集合。相反，中国古代神话通常在各种书面材料中以分散和破碎的形式传播。这些资料包括考古学、文学、哲学、地理、历史、巫术、民族志、宗教、民俗等方面的信息。它们中有许多只保存了少数神话，但也有一些拥有相对较多的神话，从而成为中国古代神话的瑰宝。其中，《山海经》、《楚辞》和《淮南子》被认为是中国古代神话的主要宝库。
Myths are neither static nor separate from society. Rather, their existence and transmission are deeply influenced by their social and cultural contexts. On the other side, those myths that have been handed down for thousands of years and contain Chinese people’s philosophy, art, beliefs, customs, and value systems also have had a great influence on Chinese society and culture.
神话既不是静止的，也不是脱离社会的。它们的存在和传播受到社会文化语境的深刻影响。另一方面，这些流传了几千年的神话，包含着中国人的哲学、艺术、信仰、习俗和价值体系，也对中国社会和文化产生了巨大的影响。
Reading C
The Chinese Dragon vs. The Western Dragon
The Chinese dragon is a far different beast from its Western counterpart. Smaug from J. R. R. Tolkien’s “The Hobbit” is perhaps the most widely known dragon from recent Western fiction, a cruel, avaricious and bloodthirsty creature whose lair under the Lonely Mountain identifies him as a creature of the earth. Tolkien drew much of his inspiration for Smaug from the dragon in the Old English epic of “Beowulf”, penned more than a thousand years earlier, which gives some indication of the depth of the European tradition of portraying dragons as bad news.
中国的龙与西方的龙截然不同。j·r·r·托尔金(J. R. R. Tolkien)的《霍比特人》(The Hobbit)中的史矛革可能是最近西方小说中最广为人知的龙了。托尔金对史矛革的灵感很大程度上来自于1000多年前写的古英语史诗《贝奥武夫》(Beowulf)中的巨龙，这在一定程度上表明了欧洲把龙描绘成坏消息的传统有多么根深蒂固。
By contrast, the Chinese dragon is an auspicious creature, symbolizing strength, wisdom, good luck and power over the elements of wind and water. As such, Chinese people proudly claim they are the descendants of the dragon, a story that is firmly rooted in national folklore and history. For example, an anecdote in the “Records of the Grand Historian” (Shiji) traces the birth of Liu Bang, the first emperor of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-25 AD): One day, his mother falls asleep at a riverside and dreams of a dragon lying on her body, only to wake up and find herself pregnant. Traces of the anecdote survived in the belief that a dragon appearing in a pregnant mother’s dream was an auspicious sign indicating she would give birth to a future emperor.
相比之下，中国龙是一种吉祥的动物，象征着力量、智慧、好运和风与水的力量。因此，中国人自豪地宣称他们是龙的传人，这个故事深深植根于民族民间传说和历史。例如,一个轶事的“大历史学家记录”(《史记》)痕迹刘邦的诞生,西汉王朝的第一个皇帝(206年BC-25广告):有一天,他的母亲在河边睡着了,龙的梦想躺在她的身体,只一觉醒来发现自己怀孕了。传说中的龙出现在怀孕的母亲的梦里，是一个吉祥的迹象，预示着她将生下一个未来的皇帝。
Indeed, China’s feudal rulers did everything they could to maintain this mythic association, surrounding themselves with dragon-related ornamentation, ruling from a Dragon Throne and waging war under a dragon flag. Pretty much everything related to the emperor would be tagged with the character “龙”, for example, “龙袍” (imperial robes embroidered with curling dragons), “龙椅” (the emperor’s seat), “龙床” (the emperor’s bed) and “龙颜” (the look of an emperor).
事实上，中国的封建统治者尽其所能保持这种神话般的联系，用与龙有关的装饰围绕着自己，从龙的宝座上统治，在龙的旗帜下发动战争。几乎所有有关皇帝将标记字符“龙”,例如,“龙袍”(与冰壶龙皇袍绣花),”龙椅”(皇帝的座位),“龙床”(皇帝的床)和“龙”颜(皇帝的外观)。
While Smaug and other European dragons have a solid, serpentine connection to the earth, Chinese dragons are indisputably rulers of the sky. The dragon was worshiped as the God of Rain, and in times of drought or flooding, locals would visit a dragon-king temple (龙王庙）and burn incense to pray for more favorable conditions. It is also said that natural disasters such as floods or tornados (龙卷风, literally, the dragon rolls up the wind) indicate the dragon king is in bad temper.
史矛革和其他欧洲巨龙与地球有着牢固的蛇形联系，而中国巨龙无疑是天空的统治者。龙是敬拜的神雨,和在干旱或洪水的时候,当地人会访问一个龙王殿(龙王庙)烧香祈祷更多的有利条件。还说,自然灾害如洪水、龙卷风(龙卷风,实际上,龙卷风)表明龙王的坏脾气。
Dragons’ association with thunder, lightning and rain may have prompted the widespread belief that there are more likely to be a flurry of natural disasters in a Dragon year, and Chinese New Year celebrations the world over will include ceremonies and prayers dedicated to warding off the possibility of such a calamity striking people’s homes.
龙协会与雷声,闪电和雨可能会促使人们普遍认为有更多的可能是一系列自然灾害在龙一年,全世界和中国新年的庆祝活动将包括仪式和祈祷致力于防止这种灾难的可能性,人们的房子。
The dragon’s power to control rain and waves is also closely related to its rank in the pantheon of 12 zodiac animals (rat, ox, tiger, rabbit, dragon, snake, horse, sheep, monkey, cock, dog and pig). Various tales describe the race of these 12 animals to secure their place on the list, but the sequence is determined by the time of day the animal is most active, at least in the eyes of the ancient Chinese. The dragon corresponds to 7 am to 9 am, when it is most likely to be foggy, allowing the dragon to ride atop clouds and mist. However, parts of the dragon are usually hidden in the heavy fog, giving rise to the phrase “神龙见首不见尾” (you see the head of the mystical dragon but not its tail), which now refers to someone who has no fixed whereabouts and is difficult for others to trace.
龙控制雨和浪的能力也与它在十二生肖(鼠、牛、虎、兔、龙、蛇、马、羊、猴、鸡、狗和猪)中的地位密切相关。各种各样的故事描述了这12种动物的种族，以确保他们在名单上的位置，但顺序是由一天的时间决定的动物是最活跃的，至少在中国古代的眼睛。龙对应的时间是早上7点到9点，这是最有可能有雾的时间，龙可以骑在云和雾上。然而,部分的龙通常是隐藏在浓雾,引起这个短语“神龙见首不见尾”(你看到神秘的龙但不是尾巴),目前是指那些没有固定的位置和别人很难跟踪。
In Chinese folk art paper-cuts, a typical pattern shows the dragon riding on clouds. Another depicts two dragons playing with a pearl (双龙戏珠), which is often inlaid with a dark, comma-like symbol running through the middle, thought to represent the unification of yin and yang. In Chinese calligraphy, the flying dragon is an aesthetically appealing analogy for cursive and elegant handwriting known as “龙飞凤舞”, literally, “dragons flying and phoenixes dancing.” Given all the positive associations of “龙”, it’s no wonder the character is a top choice for people’s names, including martial arts superstars Jackie Chan (成龙）and Bruce Lee (李小龙). There is also the Chinese idiom, “望子成龙” (literally, hoping one’s son will become a dragon), which roughly means parents have high expectations of their children.
在中国民间剪纸艺术中，有一个典型的图案是龙骑在云上。另一个描绘了两个龙玩珍珠(双龙戏珠),这通常是镶嵌着一个黑暗的,comma-like象征贯穿中间,被认为代表阴阳的统一。在中国书法,飞龙是草书的美学类比和优雅的笔迹被称为“龙飞凤舞”,字面意思是“龙和凤凰舞蹈飞行。“鉴于所有的积极联想“龙”,难怪这个角色是首选的人的名字,包括武术巨星成龙(成龙)和李小龙(李小龙)。还有中国成语“望子成龙”(字面上,希望自己的儿子能成为龙),这大概意味着父母对于他们的孩子有很高的期望。
然而，很少有父母希望他们的孩子成为暴力冲突中的积极领导者。不幸的是，2012年1月初，当看到中国邮政发行的新版“龙”邮票时，许多中国人对这张图片印象深刻。“邪恶和恐惧”(凶神恶煞),“露出尖牙和挥舞着爪子”(张牙舞爪)和“充满着愤怒,”(怒发冲冠)几个短语的人作出回应,当被要求为他们的第一印象的新邮票。设计也引发了激烈的争论在微博客在新浪微博上,其中一个甚至比较了图像“中国臭名昭著的城市检查员,有时被相机捕捉殴打街头小贩,“据《华尔街日报》“中国实时报”报告。
People born in the year of the dragon are said to be natural leaders — charismatic, innovative, free-spirited, and flamboyant, and as such Dragon years are notorious for coinciding with spikes in the birth rate. It remains to be seen whether modern Chinese remain as much in the thrall of dragon worship as their ancestors, and if the phenomenon holds true in the 21st century.
龙年出生的人被认为是天生的领导者——有魅力、有创新精神、自由奔放、光芒四射，因此龙年与出生率的高峰相吻合而臭名昭著。现代中国人是否仍像他们的祖先一样对龙的崇拜如痴如痴，这种现象在21世纪是否依然存在，还有待观察。